CLASS 12 CBSE SOCIOLOGY PROJECT TOPIC: USED OF PUBLIC SPACE (SOCIOLOGY) REVIEW OF LITERATURE Sociologists have long emphasized that public spaces are at the core of social and community life. They are not just physical locations, but also social arenas where people interact, exchange ideas, and create shared meanings. Jürgen Habermas introduced the idea of the public sphere , where public spaces serve as platforms for dialogue, debate, and the exercise of democracy. In this sense, parks, markets, and streets become more than mere spaces—they act as foundations for civic participation and collective identity. Jane Jacobs , an urban sociologist, argued that well-used streets and open areas contribute to urban safety and social cohesion by encouraging natural surveillance and community bonding. Public spaces also hold strong connections with equality and inclusion , as they are accessible to all, regardless of class, age, or gender. Thus, sociological literature views publ...
CLASS 12 ENGLISH THE LAST LESSON 30 Questions and Answers (2 Marks Each) — "The Last Lesson" Q1. Why was Franz reluctant to go to school that day? Ans: Franz was reluctant because he hadn't prepared his lesson on participles . He feared being scolded by his teacher, M. Hamel , and preferred to spend the day outdoors enjoying the warm, bright morning. Q2. What was unusual about the school that day? Ans: The school was unusually quiet, and instead of the usual noise, there was a strange stillness. Even the villagers were seated at the back of the classroom, which never happened before. Q3. Who were sitting on the back benches and why? Ans: Some elderly villagers, including old Hauser, the former mayor, and the postmaster, were sitting quietly. They had come to show respect for their language and M. Hamel on the last French lesson. Q4. What changes did Franz notice in the classroom? Ans: Franz noticed everything was calm and quiet. The d...